BACKGROUND There is interest in lingering non-specific symptoms after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, referred to as Long coronavirus disease 2019 (Long COVID-19). It remains unknown whether the risk of Long COVID-19 is associated with pre-existing comorbidities or initial COVID-19 severity, including infections due to new Omicron lineages which predominated in 2023. OBJECTIVES The aim of this case report was to characterize the clinical features of acute XBB.1.5 infection followed by Long COVID-19. METHODS We followed a 73-year old female resident of Rio de Janeiro with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection and subsequent months. The SARS-CoV-2 lineage was determined by genome sequencing. FINDINGS The participant denied comorbidities and had completed a two-dose vaccination schedule followed by two booster doses eight months prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Primary infection by viral lineage XBB.1.5. was clinically mild, but the participant subsequently reported persistent fatigue. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This case demonstrates that Long COVID-19 may develop even after mild disease due to SARS-CoV-2 in fully vaccinated and boosted individuals without comorbidities. Continued monitoring of new SARS-CoV-2 lineages and associated clinical outcomes is warranted. Measures to prevent infection should continue to be implemented including development of new vaccines and antivirals effective against novel variants.

Abstract This study was conducted to provide information on the genetic diversity of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) circulating in the municipality of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil during 1996–2006, a period with two distinct outbreaks of B19V infection: 1999–2000 and 2004–2005. A total of 27 sera from patients with erythema infectiosum and five sera from HIV-infected patients that tested positive for B19V DNA during the study period were analyzed. To genotype B19V strains, a semi-nested PCR for partial amplification of the capsid gene was performed and sequence analysis revealed that 31 sequences belonged to subgenotype 1a (G1a) of the main genotype 1 and one sequence was characterized as subgenotype 3b (G3b). The phylogenetic tree supported the division of the G1a into two well-defined clades with 1.3% of divergence. The low diversity of the G1a strains may be explained by the fact that all patients had acute B19V infection and 30/32 sera were collected during two distinct outbreaks. The G3b strain was from an HIV-infected patient who seroconverted to anti-B19 IgG antibodies in September/2005. This is the first report of G3b in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

The influenza A(H3N2) virus has circulated worldwide for almost five decades and is the dominant subtype in most seasonal influenza epidemics, as occurred in the 2014 season in South America. In this study we evaluate five whole genome sequences of influenza A(H3N2) viruses detected in patients with mild illness collected from January-March 2014. To sequence the genomes, a new generation sequencing (NGS) protocol was performed using the Ion Torrent PGM platform. In addition to analysing the common genes, haemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix, our work also comprised internal genes. This was the first report of a whole genome analysis with Brazilian influenza A(H3N2) samples. Considerable amino acid variability was encountered in all gene segments, demonstrating the importance of studying the internal genes. NGS of whole genomes in this study will facilitate deeper virus characterisation, contributing to the improvement of influenza strain surveillance in Brazil.

The 2009 pandemic influenza A virus outbreak led to the systematic use of the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir (OST). Consequently, OST-resistant strains, carrying the mutation H275Y, emerged in the years after the pandemics, with a prevalence of 1-2%. Currently, OST-resistant strains have been found in community settings, in untreated individuals. To spread in community settings, H275Y mutants must contain additional mutations, collectively called permissive mutations. We display the permissive mutations in NA of OST-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 virus found in Brazilian community settings. The NAs from 2013 are phylogenetically distinct from those of 2012, indicating a tendency of positive selection of NAs with better fitness. Some previously predicted permissive mutations, such as V241I and N369K, found in different countries, were also detected in Brazil. Importantly, the change D344N, also predicted to compensate loss of fitness imposed by H275Y mutation, was found in Brazil, but not in other countries in 2013. Our results reinforce the notion that OST-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 strains with compensatory mutations may arise in an independent fashion, with samples being identified in different states of Brazil and in different countries. Systematic circulation of these viral strains may jeopardise the use of the first line of anti-influenza drugs in the future.

After the World Health Organization officially declared the end of the first pandemic of the XXI century in August 2010, the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus has been disseminated in the human population. In spite of its sustained circulation, very little on phylogenetic data or oseltamivir (OST) resistance is available for the virus in equatorial regions of South America. In order to shed more light on this topic, we analysed the haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 positive samples collected during the pandemic period in the Pernambuco (PE), a northeastern Brazilian state. Complete HA sequences were compared and amino acid changes were related to clinical outcome. In addition, the H275Y substitution in NA, associated with OST resistance, was investigated by pyrosequencing. Samples from PE were grouped in phylogenetic clades 6 and 7, being clustered together with sequences from South and Southeast Brazil. The D222N/G HA gene mutation, associated with severity, was found in one deceased patient that was pregnant. Additionally, the HA mutation K308E, which appeared in Brazil in 2010 and was only detected worldwide the following year, was identified in samples from hospitalised cases. The resistance marker H275Y was not identified in samples tested. However, broader studies are needed to establish the real frequency of resistance in this Brazilian region.

Several studies conducted all over the world have reported that the influenza virus is associated with great morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we analyzed the incidence of the influenza virus between 2000 and 2003 in Curitiba. We studied 1621 samples obtained from outpatients and hospitalized patients of both sexes and all ages. The study was conducted at the local primary care health units (outpatients) and at the tertiary care unit (hospitalized) of the General Hospital of the Federal University in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and, eventually, bronchoalveolar lavage were assayed for the presence of viral antigens, either by indirect immunofluorescence or cell culture. Of the samples studied, 135 (8.3%) were positive for influenza virus, and of those, 103 (76.3%) were positive for type A and 32 (23.7%) for type B. Additionally, positive samples were analyzed by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction and subtypes H1 and H3 were identified from this group. A high incidence of positive samples was observed mainly in the months with lower temperatures. Furthermore, outpatients showed a higher incidence of influenza viruses than hospitalized patients.

From January to December 1998, nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 482 children with acute respiratory infections attended in emergence department and wards of a teaching hospital in the city of Salvador, Brazil. The samples were tested for the presence of adenovirus by isolation in tissue culture and indirect immunofluorescence assay. Eleven adenoviruses were detected by both methods in the same clinical samples. Infections by adenovirus were observed during seven months of the year without association with rainy season. Genome analysis was performed on these 11 isolates. Species C was represented by serotypes 1, 2 and 5. Within species B, only serotype 7 (Ad7) was detected. Two genomic variants of Ad1, two variants of Ad2, one of Ad5, and one of Ad7 (7h) were identified. This is the first study of molecular epidemiology of adenovirus associated to acute respiratory infections in children living in Northeast Brazil, and contributes to a better understanding of adenovirus infections in the country.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the proportion of postpartum women aged 15-49 in Peru who are susceptible to rubella, in order to help address strategies to eliminate rubella and to prevent congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the country. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during March and April 2003 in six main regional hospitals, in the three geographic regions (coast, mountain, and jungle) of Peru. For the postpartum women who provided written informed consent, a questionnaire was administered and a blood specimen was collected. Sera were tested for rubella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody, using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent serologic assay (ELISA) kit. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were carried out to assess risk factors for susceptibility. RESULTS: In total, 1 236 postpartum women were enrolled. The overall proportion of IgG-antibody negative women was 12.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 10.9%-14.6%). Bivariate analysis found the following variables associated with susceptibility: living in the jungle region (odds ratio (OR) = 1.65; 95% CI: 1.13-2.42); age < 19 years (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.35-3.03); being a housewife (OR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.12-2.55); and having < 11 years of education (OR = 2.12; 95% CI :1.20-3.75). Multivariate analysis found the following variables were associated with susceptibility: living in the jungle region (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.13-2.46); age < 19 years (OR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.07-2.47); having < 4 children born alive (OR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.00- 3.40); and having < 11 years of education (OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.16-3.71). CONCLUSIONS: The proportion of postpartum women at the study sites who were found to be susceptible to rubella was 12.8%, placing Peru among the countries facing a moderate level of risk for the occurrence of CRS cases. The findings suggest the need to also provide the rubella vaccine to other population groups, especially women of childbearing age.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la proporción de mujeres recién paridas de 15-49 años de edad susceptibles a la rubéola en Perú, a fin de contribuir a establecer estrategias para eliminar la rubéola y evitar el síndrome de rubéola congénita (SRC) en el país. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal en marzo y abril de 2003 en seis hospitales regionales principales de tres regiones geográficas (costa, sierra y selva) de Perú. A las mujeres recién paridas que dieron su consentimiento informado por escrito se les aplicó un cuestionario y se les tomó una muestra de sangre. La detección serológica de anticuerpos de la clase IgG contra rubéola se realizó mediante un ensayo inmunoenzimático comercial tipo ELISA. Se realizaron análisis con una, dos y múltiples variables para evaluar los factores de riesgo de ser susceptible a la enfermedad. RESULTADOS: En total participaron 1 236 mujeres recién paridas. La proporción de mujeres negativas a anticuerpos IgG contra rubéola fue de 12,8% (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 10,9% a 14,6%). Según el análisis bifactorial, las variables asociadas con la vulnerabilidad a la enfermedad fueron: vivir en la región de la selva (razón de posibilidades [odds ratio, OR] = 1,65; IC95%: 1,13 a 2,42); tener menor de 19 años de edad (OR = 2,02; IC95%: 1,35 a 3,03); ser ama de casa (OR = 1,69; IC95%: 1,12 a 2,55); y tener 11 años o menos de educación (OR = 2,12; IC95%: 1,20 a 3,75). Las variables asociadas con la vulnerabilidad a la enfermedad según el análisis multifactorial fueron: vivir en la región de la selva (OR = 1,67; IC95%: 1,13 a 2,46); tener menos de 19 años de edad (OR = 1,62; IC95%: 1,07 a 2,47); tener menos de 4 niños nacidos vivos (OR = 1,85; IC95%: 1,00 a 3,40); y tener 11 años o menos de educación (OR = 2,07; IC95%: 1,16 a 3,71). CONCLUSIONES: En la zona estudiada, la proporción de mujeres recién paridas susceptibles a la rubéola fue de 12,8%, lo que coloca a Perú entre los países con riesgo moderado de tener casos de SRC. Estos resultados indican la necesidad de vacunar también contra la rubéola a otros grupos de la población, especialmente a las mujeres en edad de procrear.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the seroprevalence for measles, mumps, and rubella in school-age children (6-12 years old) before and after the administration of three triple combined viral vaccines. METHODS: In two municipal schools of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 692 blood samples were collected before vaccination and 636 samples 21 to 30 days after vaccination during 1996. IgG antibody seropositivity was investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (measles and mumps with Enzygnost [Behring, Marburg, Germany]; rubella with Rubenostika [Organon Teknica, Boxtel, the Netherlands]). The vaccines compared were: A: E-Zagreb, L-Zagreb, and Wistar RA 27/3 (Tresivac); B: Moraten, J-Lynn, and Wistar RA 27/3 (M-M-R II); and C: Schwarz, Urabe AM-9, and Wistar RA 27/3 (Trimovax). RESULTS: Before vaccination, 79.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 76.0%-82.2%] of the samples were positive for measles, 69.4% (95% CI = 65.8%-72.8%) for mumps, and 55.4% (95% CI = 51.6%-59.2%) for rubella. After vaccination with the A, B, and C vaccines, seropositivity was 100.0%, 99.5%, and 100.0%, respectively for measles; 99.5%, 94.5%, and 92.0% for mumps; and 92.6%, 91.3%, and 88.6% for rubella. CONCLUSIONS: About one-fifth (20.8%) of the schoolchildren who could have been vaccinated against measles at age 9 months had levels of antibodies insufficient for protection. In the sample of schoolchildren without previous vaccination against mumps and rubella, high proportions of susceptible levels were found. All vaccines were immunogenic, but vaccine A yielded a seroconversion rate of 99.5% for the mumps component, which was significantly higher than the other two vaccines (P < 0.01).

OBJETIVO: Se evaluó la seroprevalencia para sarampión, paperas y rubéola en niños en edad escolar (6-12 años) antes y después de la administración de tres vacunas triples antivirales combinadas. MÉTODOS: Se colectaron 692 muestras de sangre antes de la vacunación y 636 muestras entre 21 y 30 días después de la vacunación a niños de dos escuelas municipales de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, durante 1996. Se investigó la seropositividad de anticuerpos de la clase IgG mediante un ensayo de inmunoadsorción enzimática tipo ELISA (sarampión y paperas con Enzygnost [Behring, Marburgo, Alemania] y rubéola con Rubenostika [Organon Teknica, Boxtel, Países Bajos]). Las vacunas comparadas fueron: a) E-Zagreb, L-Zagreb y Wistar RA 27/3 (Tresivac); b) Moraten, J-Lynn y Wistar RA 27/3 (M-M-R II); y c) Schwarz, Urabe AM-9 y Wistar RA 27/3 (Trimovax). RESULTADOS: Antes de la vacunación, 79,2% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 76,0 a 82,2) de las muestras fueron positivas para sarampión, 69,4% (IC 95%: 65,8 a 72,8) para paperas y 55,4% (IC 95%: 51,6 a 59,2) para rubéola. Después de la vacunación con las vacunas A, B y C, la seropositividad fue de 100%, 99,5% y 100%, respectivamente para sarampión; de 99,5%, 94,5% y 92,0% para paperas; y de 92,6%, 92,3% y 88,6% para rubéola. CONCLUSIONES: Alrededor de un quinto (20,8%) de los escolares que pudieron haber sido vacunados contra el sarampión a los 9 meses de edad tenían niveles de anticuerpos insuficientes para protegerlos. En la muestra de escolares sin vacunación previa contra paperas y rubéola se encontró una alta proporción de niños susceptibles. Todas las vacunas fueron inmunogénicas, pero la vacuna A produjo una tasa de seroconversión de 99,5% para el componente de paperas, significativamente mayor que la de las otras dos vacunas (P < 0,01).

OBJETIVO: Estudar a etiologia dos casos de exantema com ou sem febre em crianças atendidas no pronto-socorro de um hospital de uma zona endêmica para dengue. MÉTODOS: No período de 21/09/2001 a 20/09/2002, foram inscritas no estudo 95,9% (71/74) das crianças atendidas no pronto-socorro do Hospital Universitário de Campo Grande (MS) que apresentassem exantema (percentual de recusa de 4,1%). Após preenchimento do protocolo com os dados das crianças, as mesmas foram submetidas a exame físico seguido da coleta de amostras de sangue para realizar hemograma com contagem de plaquetas e sorologias (IgM e IgG); inicialmente para dengue, rubéola e toxoplasmose e, posteriormente, naqueles casos com resultado negativo, realizou-se sorologia para parvovirose, herpes vírus tipo 6 e sarampo. RESULTADOS: O diagnóstico laboratorial foi confirmado através da pesquisa de anticorpo IgM em 88,7% dos casos investigados: dengue (77,5%), herpes vírus tipo 6 (8,4%), parvovirose (2,8%) e diagnóstico inconclusivo em oito pacientes (11,3%). Não foi evidenciada sorologia positiva (IgM) para sarampo, rubéola ou toxoplasmose naquela ocasião. As manifestações clínicas mais freqüentes nos pacientes com dengue foram: febre, prurido, prostração, mialgia e prova do laço positiva. Nos pacientes cujo diagnóstico foi dengue, a prova do laço foi positiva em 58,4% (32/55) dos casos, demonstrando diferença estatisticamente significativa quando comparada com o grupo cujo diagnóstico não foi dengue. CONCLUSÕES: Nas crianças com exantema, dengue pode ser a principal enfermidade causal, atentando-se para a epidemiologia do local. É necessário um controle constante da vigilância epidemiológica e sorológica das doenças exantemáticas.

OBJECTIVE: To study the etiology of exanthema cases, with or without fever, in children seen in the emergency room of a hospital located in a region where dengue is endemic. METHODS: Enrollment took place between 21/09/2001 and 20/09/2002 and included 95.9% (71/74) of children presenting with exanthema at the emergency room of the Hospital Universitário de Campo Grande, MS (4.1% refusals). After the children had had their details taken and entered on the study protocol, they were subjected to physical examination followed by collection of blood samples for blood testing with platelet counts and serology (IgM and IgG); initially for dengue, rubella and toxoplasmosis and then, in negative cases, serology was also run for parvovirus, herpes virus type 6 and measles. RESULTS: Laboratory diagnoses were confirmed by means of IgM antibody assay in 88.7% of the cases investigated: dengue (77.5%), herpes virus type 6 (8.4%), parvovirus (2.8%) and in eight patients diagnosis was inconclusive (11.3%). On this occasion no positive serology (IgM) was observed for measles, rubella or toxoplasmosis. The most common clinical manifestations among the dengue patients were: fever, itching, prostration, myalgia and positive tourniquet test results. In 58.4% (32/55) of those cases diagnosed with dengue, the tourniquet test was positive, which was a statistically significant difference when compared with the remainder of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: When children present with exanthema, it is possible that dengue is the primary causative disease, depending on the epidemiology of the location. Constant control of epidemiological and serological surveillance of exanthematous diseases is necessary.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze postvaccination serological status in pregnant women inadvertently vaccinated against rubella in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of pregnant women 15 to 29 years old, vaccinated against rubella and measles from November 2001 to March 2002, who were unaware of their pregnancy at the time of vaccination or who became pregnant within 30 days thereafter. They were tested for rubella-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and G (IgG) and classified as immune (IgM-negative, IgG-positive, tested within 30 days after vaccination), susceptible (IgM-positive after vaccination) or indeterminate (IgM-negative, IgG-positive, vaccination- serological testing interval greater than 30 days). RESULTS: Of 2 292 women, 288 (12.6%) were susceptible, 316 (13.8%) immune, 1 576 (68.8%) indeterminate, 8 (0.3%) ineligible, and 104 (4.5%) lost to follow-up. IgM seropositivity by vaccination-serological testing interval was 16.1% (d" 30 days), 15.4% (30-60 days), and 14.2% (61-90 days). Considering the campaign's target age, the 20-to-24-year age group had the largest proportion of individuals susceptible to rubella (14.8%) and represented 42.4% (122/288) of all susceptible women. In 75% of susceptible pregnant women, gestational age was 5 weeks or less at the time of vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Mass immunization of childbearing-age women was justified on the basis of epidemiological and serological data. Follow-up of vaccinated pregnant women revealed no cases of congenital rubella syndrome due to rubella vaccination. However, the observed rate of congenital infection supports the recommendation to avoid vaccinating pregnant women, and to avoid conception for up to 1 month following rubella vaccination.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar el estado serológico de mujeres embarazadas tras haber recibido inadvertidamente la vacuna antirrubeólica, en el estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal de mujeres embarazadas de 15 a 29 años de edad que fueron vacunadas contra la rubéola y el sarampión entre noviembre de 2001 y marzo de 2002 y que no sabían que estaban embarazadas en ese momento o que concibieron en el transcurso de los siguientes 30 días. Se les aplicaron las pruebas detectoras de inmunoglobulina M (IgM) e inmunoglobulina G (IgG) contra el virus de la rubéola y se les clasificó de inmunes si se obtenían resultados negativos a IgM y positivos a IgG al aplicar las pruebas en un lapso no mayor de 30 días después de la vacunación; de susceptibles si se obtenía un resultado positivo a IgM después de la vacunación, o indefinido si se obtenían resultados negativos a IgM y positivos a IgG tras un intervalo mayor de 30 días entre la vacunación y la aplicación de las pruebas serológicas. RESULTADOS: De 2 292 mujeres, 288 (12,6%) se mostraron susceptibles; 316 (13,8%) se mostraron inmunes; 1 576 (68,8%) tuvieron resultados indefinidos; 8 (0,3%) tuvieron resultados ilegibles y 104 (4,5%) no tuvieron seguimiento. La seropositividad a IgM, según el intervalo transcurrido entre la vacunación y la aplicación de las pruebas serológicas, fue de 16,1% (< 30 días), 15,4% (31-60 días), y 14,2% (61-90 días). En lo respectivo a la edad de las personas a las que se dirigió la campaña, se encontró que el grupo de 20 a 24 años tenía la mayor proporción de personas susceptibles a la rubéola (14,8%) y representaba a 42,4% (122/288) de todas las mujeres susceptibles. En 75% de las embarazadas susceptibles, la edad gestacional fue de 5 semanas o menos en el momento de la vacunación. CONCLUSIONES: Se justificó la vacunación poblacional de todas las mujeres en edad fecunda sobre la base de datos epidemiológicos y serológicos. Durante el seguimiento de las embarazadas no se observó ningún caso de síndrome de rubéola congénita ocasionado por la vacuna antirrubeólica. No obstante, el porcentaje de infección congénita observado refuerza la recomendación de que se evite vacunar a mujeres embarazadas y de que estas procuren no concebir durante un mes como mínimo después de la vacunación antirrubeólica.

A survey was conducted in two pediatric intensive care units in hospitals in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in order to monitor the main respiratory viruses present in bronchiolitis and/or pneumonia and their involvement in the severity of viral respiratory infections. Viral respiratory infection prevalence was 38.7%. In bronchiolitis, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was detected in 36% of the cases. In pneumonia, the prevalence rates were similar for adenovirus (10.3%) and RSV (7.7%). There was a difference among the viruses detected in terms of frequency of clinical findings indicating greater severity. Frequency of crackles in patients with RSV (47.3%) showed a borderline significance (p = 0.055, Fisher's exact test) as compared to those with adenovirus (87.5%). The overall case fatality rate in this study was 2.7%, and adenovirus showed a significantly higher case fatality rate (25%) than RSV (2.8%) (p = 0.005). Injected antibiotics were used in 49% of the children with RSV and 60% of those with adenovirus. Adenovirus was not detected in any of the 33 children submitted to oxygen therapy.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the proportion of individuals seronegative for measles antibody among blood donors from a blood bank in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to describe their social and demographic characteristics, with the goal of exploring the potential use of plasma banks to supplement serological surveillance with relevant data in order to support the program of measles elimination in the city of Rio de Janeiro and elsewhere. METHODS: Plasma samples from 1 101 consecutive blood donations made in November 2000 at HEMORIO, the largest blood bank in the state of Rio de Janeiro, were tested for measles immunoglobulin G, using a commercial enzyme immunoassay and a plaque reduction neutralization test. We calculated the proportion (and 95% confidence interval (CI)) of samples seronegative for measles antibody for the total sample of blood donors and also for subgroups categorized by age, sex, neighborhood of residence, education, and occupation. We used the chi-square test to assess the statistical significance of differences in proportions and linear trends in proportions. RESULTS: Of the total group of blood donors, 6.9% of them (95% CI: 5.4%8.4%) were seronegative for measles. Women had a higher proportion (10.1%; 95% CI: 6.8%13.4%) of seronegative results than did men (5.6%; 95% CI: 4.0%7.2%). In terms of age, 86.8% of seronegative individuals were born between 1971 and 1982. Seronegativity was inversely proportional to age (chi-square = 58.0; P < 0.0001). With regard to occupation, students had the highest proportion of seronegative individuals (17.8%). In terms of education, most of the susceptible persons were in the categories of "incomplete university degree" or "incomplete high school." For the various areas of residence the proportions ranged from 2.1% to 11.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Blood bank plasma may constitute a useful and convenient source of complementary data for serological surveillance in adults of measles and other infections for which immunization and surveillance activities are implemented. This approach could be beneficial to other areas in Brazil and other countries where plasma from blood donors is available for surveillance. The use of residual sera from patients and plasma from blood donors represents a tradeoff between representativeness and timeliness as well as economy of resources.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la proporción de personas seronegativas a anticuerpos contra el sarampión entre los donantes de un banco de sangre de la ciudad de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, y describir sus características sociales y demográficas, con el fin de explorar el uso eventual de los bancos de plasma para complementar la vigilancia serológica con datos que permitan apoyar el programa de erradicación del sarampión en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro y en otras localidades. MÉTODOS: Se estudió la presencia de inmunoglobulinas G contra el sarampión en muestras de plasma de 1 101 donaciones de sangre consecutivas realizadas en noviembre de 2000 en HEMORIO, el mayor banco de sangre del estado de Río de Janeiro, mediante un ensayo inmunoenzimático comercial y una prueba de neutralización por reducción de placas. Se calculó la proporción (y el intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95%) de las muestras negativas a anticuerpos contra el sarampión en la totalidad de las donaciones y en subgrupos conformados según la edad, el sexo, el vecindario de residencia, la educación y la ocupación laboral. La significación estadística de las diferencias entre las proporciones y entre sus tendencias lineales se determinó mediante la prueba de ji al cuadrado. RESULTADOS: Del total de donantes de sangre, el 6,9% (IC95%: 5,4 a 8,4%) resultó seronegativo al sarampión. Las mujeres tuvieron una mayor proporción de resultados seronegativos (10,1%; IC95%: 6,8 a 13,4%) que los hombres (5,6%; IC95%: 4,0 a 7,2%). En relación con la edad, 86,8% de las personas seronegativas nacieron entre 1971 y 1982. La seronegatividad fue inversamente proporcional a la edad (ji al cuadrado = 58,0; P < 0,0001). En cuanto a la ocupación laboral, los estudiantes presentaron la mayor proporción de seronegativos (17,8%), mientras que en lo referente a la educación, la mayoría de las personas susceptibles a la enfermedad se encontraban en la categoría de "estudios universitarios incompletos" o "estudios secundarios incompletos". La proporción de seronegativos entre las diferentes áreas de residencia estuvo entre 2,1% y 11,4%. CONCLUSIONES: El plasma de los bancos de sangre puede ser una fuente útil y conveniente de datos complementarios para la vigilancia serológica en adultos, tanto de sarampión como de otras enfermedades infecciosas para las que se hayan implementado actividades de inmunización y vigilancia. Este enfoque puede ser beneficioso en otras regiones de Brasil y en otros países en los que se pueda contar para la vigilancia con el plasma de los donantes de sangre. El empleo del remanente de los sueros de los pacientes y del plasma de los donantes de sangre representa una solución de compromiso entre la representatividad y la oportunidad, y el buen uso de los recursos.

Embora as IRAs sejam importante causa de morbidade e mortalidade infantil no sul do Brasil, poucas e esparsas informações são disponíveis sobre sazonalidade e etiologia viral. Este estudo foi realizado em crianças menores de 5 anos de idade com IRAs para avaliar a importância da etiologia viral no Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 1990 a 1992. Foram processadas 862 secreções de nasofaringe, por imunofluorescência indireta. Os resultados mostraram que 316 (36,6%) amostras foram positivas: 26,2% para vírus respiratório sincicial (VRS), 6% para adenovírus, 1,7% para vírus influenza, 1,5% para vírus parainfluenza e 1,2% para infecção mista. As médias das prevalências virais nos serviços de ambulatório, emergência e hospitalizados foram de 26,7%, 53% e 42,3%, respectivamente. VRS e adenovírus foram responsáveis por 91,4% dos diagnósticos virológicos positivos. O VRS foi mais freqüente em menores de 1 ano, nos três níveis de atenção à saúde, sendo mais prevalente em menores de 6 meses. O adenovírus foi o patógeno mais prevalente em crianças hospitalizadas em 1992. O vírus influenza A mostrou uma tendência de acréscimo da positividade com o aumento da idade nas crianças de ambulatório. Este estudo mostrou a ocorrência anual de infecções respiratórias virais nos meses frios, com variação anual significativa na freqüência da infecção por VRS.

Although acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are a major cause of child morbidity and mortality in Southern Brazil, little information is available on their seasonality and viral etiology. This study was conducted on children under 5 years of age with ARI to assess viral etiology in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, from 1990 to 1992. A total of 862 nasopharyngeal secretion (NPS) samples were tested using indirect immunofluorescence. The results showed that 316 (36.6%) NPS samples were positive: 26.2% for RSV, 6% for adenovirus, 1.7% for influenzaviruses, 1.5% for parainfluenzaviruses, and 1.2% for mixed infection. The mean viral prevalence rates in out-patient services, emergency wards, and in-patient hospital wards were 26.7%, 53% and 42.3%, respectively. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and adenovirus accounted for 91.4 % of the viral diagnoses. RSV was more frequent in children under one year of age at the three levels of health care and was prevalent in infants under six months. Adenovirus was the most prevalent pathogen in hospitalized children, in 1992. Influenza A virus showed an increased prevalence with age among out-patient children. This study shows the annual occurence of viral respiratory infections in the coldest months, with a significant annual variation in the frequency of RSV infection.

OBJETIVO: verificar a presença de anticorpos contra o sarampo em crianças com infecção perinatal pelo HIV e devidamente imunizadas. MÉTODOS: estudo de coorte retrospectivo realizado em Belo Horizonte, entre 1995 e 1996. Foram incluídas 21 crianças com infecção perinatal pelo HIV e 29 crianças imunocompetentes não-infectadas. Informações acerca da vacina contra o sarampo foram obtidas do cartão de imunizações dos pacientes. A pesquisa de anticorpos contra o sarampo foi realizada pelos testes de neutralização por redução de placa e dosagem de IgM pela técnica de ELISA. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5% em todas as análises estatísticas realizadas. RESULTADOS: a mediana de idade dos pacientes infectados pelo HIV foi de 44,5 meses, e das crianças não-infectadas, de 62,0 meses (P=0,64).Os grupos receberam em média 2 doses da vacina contra o sarampo. Todos os pacientes soronegativos para o HIV apresentaram títulos de anticorpos contra o sarampo superiores a 50 mUI/ml, enquanto 57,1% das crianças infectadas apresentaram títulos acima deste valor (P=0,0001). O título geométrico médio de anticorpos neutralizantes foi significativamente menor no grupo de crianças com infecção pelo HIV (433,5 mUI/ml) do que no grupo de não-infectados(1668,1 mUI/ml), P=0,001. Todos os pacientes dos dois grupos foram negativos para a pesquisa de IgM contra o sarampo. CONCLUSÃO: as crianças infectadas pelo HIV apresentaram menor soroprevalência de anticorpos contra o sarampo após a imunização do que as crianças não-infectadas. Esses resultados alertam para o risco potencial de aquisição do vírus do sarampo, e apontam a necessidade de avaliar alternativas para a imunização das crianças infectadas pelo HIV, no sentido de maximizar a proteção contra o sarampo nesse grupo de pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the presence of antimeasles antibodies in children perinatally infected with HIV and properly immunized. METHODS: a retrospective cohort study conducted in Belo Horizonte by the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, between 1995 and 1996. Twenty one children perinatally infected with HIV and 29 immunocompetent noninfected children were included in the study. Information about measles vaccination was obtained from patients' immunization charts. The presence of neutralizing antibodies against the measles was determined by the plaque reduction neutralization test and IgM was measured by ELISA. The level of significance was set at 5% in all the performed statistical analyses. RESULTS: median age was 44.5 months for HIV-infected patients and 62.0 months for noninfected children (P=0.64). Both groups received on average two doses of antimeasles vaccine. All HIV-seronegative patients presented antimeasles antibody titers greater than 50 mIU/ml, whereas 57.1% of infected children presented titers above this value (P=0.0001). The geometric mean titer of neutralizing antibodies was significantly lower in the group of HIV-infected children (433.5 mIU/ml) than in noninfected children (1,668.1 mIU/ml), P=0.001. All patients in both groups were negative for antimeasles IgM. CONCLUSION: in the present study, HIV-infected children showed a lower seroprevalence of antimeasles antibody after immunization than noninfected children. These results emphasize the risk of acquisition of measles virus and the need to evaluate alternatives to the vaccination of HIV-infected children in an attempt to maximize the protection against the measles in this group of patients.